ABLASIO

ABLASIO

  1. DEFINITION This disease is a state of loss of sensory retina from the retinal pigment epithelium (RIDE).
Neural networks that form part of the light-sensitive retina form a thin membrane that attaches tightly to the proponent of the underlying network. If the two layers are separated, then the retina can not function and if not re-united permanent damage can occur.
Detachments can be started in a small area, but if untreated, the entire retina can be detached. In one form of detachment, retinal tear really experienced. This form of detachment usually occurs in people with myopia or patients who have undergone surgery or patients with eye injuries katark.
On the other detachments, the retina is not torn but separate from the underlying tissues. This separation occurs when the movement of fluid in the eyeball pull the retina or if the fluid that collects between the retina and retinal tissue beneath encouraging.
2. CAUSE
 Most of retinal detachments occur due to one or more tears or holes in the retina, known as retinal detachments regmatogen (Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment). The retina is a transparent membrane at the back of the eye that processes the image that is focused on the retina by the cornea and lens.
Retinal detachments are often associated with a tear or hole in the retina, so that the fluid inside the eye seeps through a tear or hole and cause the release of the retina from underlying tissues. # This can happen due to: Trauma # Process aging # Diabetes weight # Diseases of inflammation, but retinal detachments often occur spontaneously.
In premature infants, can occur due to retinal detachments due to retinopathy of prematurity.
During the process of retinal detachment, bleeding from small retinal blood vessels can cause cloudiness in the inside of the eye is normally filled with vitreous humor. If the release of the macula, central vision will be impaired visual field.
Risk factor for retinal detachment are: - Rabun close - A family history of retinal detachments - Uncontrolled diabetes - Trauma.
3. SYMPTOMS Symptoms are often complain about the invisibility of objects usually hover, a flash of light, a sharp decline in sight and there is a parabolic light curtain that rises slowly from the start the bottom of the eyeball and eventually close. Retinal detachment is painless, but can cause irregular shapes picture floating or flashing lights, and cause blurred vision.
Loss of visual function initially only occurs in one part of the visual field, but then spread out in line with the development of detachments.
If the detached macula, is imminent visual impairment and vision becomes blurred.
Retinal detachments
4. DIAGNOSIS Diagnosis based on symptoms and eye examination results.
# Some checks are performed to determine the integrity of the retina: direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy # Sharpness of vision # Test refraction # Response pupillary reflex # Impaired color recognition # Slit lamp examination # Intraocular pressure, / I> # Ultrasound eye # Angiography fluorescence # Elektroretinogram.
5. TREATMENT Laser surgery can be used to cover a hole or tear in the retina that is usually found before the occurrence of detachment.
With kriopeksi (giving ice cold with a needle) will form scar tissue that attach the retina to the underlying tissue. This technique is used in conjunction with the injection of air bubbles and the head is maintained at a certain position to prevent re-accumulation fluid behind the retina.
Re-attachment of the retina through surgery consists of making grooves on the sclera (white part of eye) to reduce the pressure on the retina so that the retina back against.
6. PREVENTION Use protective glasses to prevent trauma to the eye.
People with diabetes should control their blood sugar levels closely.
If you have a lifetime risk for developing retinal detachment, eye check at least once a year.

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Inflammatory Disease Appendix (Appendicitis)

What is the appendix? Appendix, as the name suggests that this is truly the end of the intestinal tract clogged. Intestine is the amount of approximately sejari little finger, connected to the large intestine that is located in the lower right abdomen.
The appendix referred to in Latin as Appendix vermiformis, this organ is found in humans, mammals, birds, and some reptiles. This organ was originally regarded as an additional organ has no function, but now known that the function of the appendix is ​​as immunologic organ and is actively involved in the secretion of immunoglobulin (an immune system) which has / contains the lymphoid glands.
Like the organs of the body, the appendix or the appendix may be subject to damage or interruption of the disease. This often times we are familiar with the name of Inflammatory Disease Appendix (Appendicitis).
# Cause Inflammatory Disease Appendix (Appendicitis)
Appendicitis disease is usually caused by bacterial infection, but there are several possible factors originators who until now have not be known with certainty. Among the factors blockage (obstruction) in the lining of the channel (lumen) appendix by fecal piles / hard stool (fekalit), hyperplasia (enlargement) of lymphoid tissue, worm diseases, parasites, foreign objects in the body, the primary cancer and strictures.
The most frequently found and a strong hunch as penyabab factor is blockage by stool / feces and lymphoid tissue hyperplasia. Blockage or enlargement which is the medium for bacteria to breed. Please note that in the faeces / stool humans are very likely to have been contaminated by the bacterium / bacteria Escherichia coli, this often resulting in infections that result in inflammation of the appendix.
Eating chili with seeds or guava and often undigested seeds in feces and sneak kesaluran appendix as salty things, so also the hardening of feces / stool (constipation) in a long time so maybe there are parts which are tucked into kesaluran appendix that eventually become the media germs / bacteria nest and breed as an infection that causes inflammation of the appendix.
Someone who experienced worm disease (intestinal worms), when the worms are breeding within the colon and then strayed into the appendix can cause disease of appendicitis.
# Description Inflammatory Disease Appendix (Appendicitis)
Inflammation or pembengkakaan that occurs in the appendix causes the flow of lymph fluid and blood are not perfect in the appendix (appendix) as a result of pressure, the end of the appendix were damaged and there was decay (gangrene) because it did not get food again.
This appendix decay produces purulent fluid, if not immediately addressed the consequences of the appendix will rupture (perforation / tear) and pus which contains the bacteria spread to the abdominal cavity. The impact is more widespread infection, which is an infection of the abdominal cavity wall (peritonitis).
# Signs and Symptoms of Appendicitis
Symptoms vary depending on the stage is the appendix;

   1. Inflammatory disease of acute appendicitis (sudden).
      In this condition the symptoms caused by the body to high heat, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain lower right, make it run so sick, so rather terbongkok, but not everyone will show symptoms like this, it could also just be chills, or nausea-vomiting alone.

   2. Inflammatory disease with chronic appendicitis.
      At this stage the symptoms slightly similar to heartburn pain where there is a faint (blunt) in the area around the navel and sometimes an intermittent fever. Often accompanied by nausea, sometimes vomiting, and pain it will move to the right lower abdomen with signs typical of acute appendicitis is pain point pd Mc Burney (medical term).
The spread of pain will depend on the direction of the position / location of the appendix to the colon itself, If the appendix is ​​touching the tip of the urethra ureter, the pain would be similar to the sensation of urinary tract colic pains, and there may be urinary disorders. When the position of the appendix to the back, the pain came on skewers rectal examination or vaginal puncture. In another position appendicitis, pain may not be so specific.
# Examination of inflammatory disease diagnosis appendicitis
There are several checks that can be done by the Health Team to determine and diagnose the presence of inflammatory disease of the appendix (Appendicitis) by the patient. Among them are physical examination, laboratory tests and radiology examinations;

   1. Physical examination.
      In acute appendicitis, with observations would appear to the swollen (swelling) of the abdominal cavity where the walls seemed to tighten the abdomen (distention). In palpability (palpation) the lower right abdominal area, often when pressed will feel pain when pressure is released and also will feel pain (Blumberg sign) which is the key to the diagnosis of acute appendicitis.

      With the action right leg bent and strong thighs / legs in the lift it high, then the pain in my stomach getting worse. Suspicion of inflammation of the appendix is ​​increasing or if the rectal examination and vaginal cause pain as well. Rectal temperature (rectal) temperature higher than the armpit (axilla), further supporting the presence of appendicitis again.

   2. Laboratory examination.
      In laboratory tests of blood, which can be found is an increase of white blood cells (leukocytes) to about 10,000 - 18.000/mm3. If an increase is more than that, then it is likely the appendix had been perforated (ruptured).

   3. Radiological examination.
      Plain photo abdomen may reveal a fekalit. But this examination is rarely helpful in diagnosing appendicitis. Ultrasonography (USG) is quite helpful in the diagnosis of appendicitis (71-97%), especially for pregnant women and children. The highest level of accuracy is with a CT scan (93-98%). With a CT scan can be seen clearly picture the appendix.

# Handling and Inflammatory Disease Treatment appendicitis
When the diagnosis is certain, then the standard for the management of inflammatory disease of the appendix (appendicitis) is operating. In the early conditions when it can immediately diagnosed the possibility of antibiotic drug delivery can be done, however kekambuhannya rate reached 35%.
Surgery can be either open or semi-closed (laparoscopic). After surgery, should be given antibiotics for 7-10 days. Next is a wound care operations that must be protected from the possibility of secondary infection from contaminated equipment, etc.

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Disease Mumps (Mumps / parotitis)

Disease Mumps (Mumps, or parotitis) is an infectious disease where someone is infected by a virus (paramyxovirus) which attacks the salivary glands (parotid glands) in between the ears and jaw, causing swelling in the neck of the top or bottom of the cheek.
Mumps spread all over the world and can occur in endemic or epidemic, this disorder tends to strike children aged 2-12 years. In adults, these infections can affect the testes (testicles), central nervous system, pancreas, prostate, breast and other organs.
As for those who suffer or are at greater risk for contracting this disease are those who use or consume certain drugs to suppress the thyroid gland hormones and their Iodine deficiency in the body.
# Mumps Disease Transmission
Disease Mumps (Mumps, or parotitis) spread of the virus can be transmitted through direct contact, saliva splash, vomiting material, possibly with the urine. The virus can be found in the urine from the first day until the fourteenth day after the enlargement of the gland.
Mumps is rarely found in children aged less than 2 years, it is because generally they still have or be protected by good anti-bodies. A person who had suffered from mumps, then he will have lifetime immunity.
# Signs and Symptoms of Mumps
Not all people infected by the virus paramyxovirus have complaints, even about 30-40% of patients showed no signs of illness (subclinical). However, they are similar to other patients who have complaints, which can be a source of transmission of the disease.
Period shoots (incubation period) Mumps disease approximately 12-24 days with an average of 17-18 days. The signs and symptoms that arise after infection and the development of the buds can be described sdebagai follows:

   1. In the initial phase (1-2 days) Mumps sufferers experience symptoms: fever (body temperature 38.5 - 40 degrees Celsius), headaches, muscle aches, loss of appetite, pain when chewing the back of the jaw and occasionally accompanied by stiff jaw (hard to open mouth ).
   2. Furthermore, swelling of glands under the ears (parotid) that begins with swelling of one side of the gland and then the two have swollen glands.
   3. Swelling usually lasts about 3 days and then gradually deflated.
   4. Sometimes swelling of the glands under the jaw (submandibular) and the glands under the tongue (sublingual). In the male puberty adalanya scrotal swelling (testes) due to the spread through the bloodstream.

# Diagnosis Disease Mumps (Mumps, or parotitis)
Diagnosis is made when there are clear symptoms of mumps infection in pemeirksaan epidemika physical, including a description of contact with the disease mumps (mumps or mumps) 2-3 weeks previously. In addition it is the act of the laboratory results of urine examination (urine) and blood.
# Laboratory
Besides leukopenia with relative limfosiotsis, found also an increase in serum amylase levels which peaked after one week and then be back to normal within two weeks.
If the patient did not show swelling of glands under the ears, but other signs and symptoms of mumps disease that leads to doubt the diagnosis. Doctors will give an order to do further tests such as blood serum. At least as there are 3 test serum (serologic) to prove the specific mumps antibodies: antibodies, complement fixation (CF), Hemagglutination inhibitor antibodies (HI), virus neutralizing antibodies (NT).
# Complications Due to Disease Mumps
Almost all children who suffer from mumps will recover completely without complications, but sometimes the symptoms worsened again after about 2 weeks. This condition can cause complications, which the virus can invade organs other than salivary glands. This may occur especially if the infection occurs after puberty.
Below are the complications that can occur due to poor handling or treatment early:

   1. Orchitis: inflammation of one or both testicles. After recovery, the affected testicle may be shrunken. Is rare that permanent damage to the testes resulting in infertility.

   2. Ovoritis: inflammation of one or both ovaries TELUS. Arise mild abdominal pain and rarely causes sterility.

   3. Encephalitis or meningitis: inflammation of the brain or the lining of the brain. Symptoms include headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, coma or convulsions. 50-10% of patients have meningitis and most will recover completely. 1 in 400-6000 patients experiencing enserfalitis likely to have brain or nerve damage is permanent, such as deafness or paralysis of facial muscles.

   4. Pancreatitis: inflammation of the pancreas, can occur at the end of the first week. Patients feel the nausea and vomiting accompanied by abdominal pain. These symptoms will disappear within 1 week and patients will recover completely.

   5. Kidney inflammation can cause sufferers issued a strong urine in significant amounts

   6. Inflammation of the joints can cause pain in one or several joints.

# Treatment of Mumps
Treatment aims to reduce complaints (symptomatic) and rest for people with heat and glands (parotid) to swell. Usable heat and pain relief medication (antipyretics and analgesics) such as Paracetamol and the like, should not be given aspirin to children because it has the risk of Reye's syndrome (Effect of aspirin in children).
In patients who experience swelling of the testicles, the patient should undergo a rest bed rest in bed. The pain can be reduced by ice compress on the swollen testicle area. Whereas patients who experienced a virus attack apada organ pancreas (pancreatitis), which cause symptoms of nausea and vomiting should be given fluids through an IV.
Corticosteroids for 2-4 days and 20 ml of convalescent gammaglobulin expected to prevent the occurrence of orchitis. Against the virus itself can not be influenced by the anti-microbial, so treatment is only oriented to relieve symptoms until the patient returned either by itself.
Mumps actually belong to the "self-limiting disease" (disease who heal itself without treatment). People with mumps should avoid foods or beverages that are acidic so that pain does not get worse, given a liquid diet and soft food.
If the ancient people with mumps are given Blau (blue for washing clothes), really it is clinically irrelevant. Most likely only to children affected by the disease Mumps is embarrassed when playing out with his face covered in Blau, so hope the child is resting at home enough to help the healing process.
# Prevention of Disease Mumps (Mumps / parotitis)
Mumps vaccination is part of routine immunization in childhood, the immunization MMR (mumps, morbili, rubella) given by injection at the age of 15 months.
MMR immunization can also be given to adolescents and adults who have not had Mumps. This immunization does not cause apanas effects or other symptoms. Simply eating foods that contain iodine levels, can reduce the risk of mumps disease.

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Filariasis or Elephantiasis

Disease elephantiasis (filariasis or elephantiasis) is a class of infectious diseases caused by filarial worms are transmitted by various species of mosquitoes. After being bitten mosquitoes, parasites (larvae) will spread and when it comes to network lympa system then develops into the disease.
This disease is a chronic (chronic) and if not treated, can cause permanent disability in the form of enlargement of the legs, arms and genitals of both women and men. Disease elephantiasis is not a deadly disease, however, for patients may be something that feels shameful even can interfere with daily activities.
Elephantiasis disease commonly found in many tropical regions. According to information from WHO, the order states that there are people develop the disease elephantiasis is South Asia (India and Bangladesh), Africa, the Pacific and the Americas. Later many of them occur in Thailand and Indonesia (Southeast Asia).
# Elephant Foot Disease Transmission
The disease is transmitted by mosquitoes which suck the blood of someone who had contracted earlier. Infected blood and contain larvae and would be transmitted to others when an infected mosquito bite or suck the blood of the person.
Unlike malaria and dengue fever, filariasis can be transmitted by 23 species of mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles, Culex, Mansonia, Aedes & Armigeres. Because of this, filariasis can spread very quickly.
# Signs and Symptoms of elephantiasis
A person infected with elephantiasis disease usually occurs in childhood, where in a long time (many years) began to be felt development.

The acute symptoms that may occur include:

    * Fever over and over again for 3-5 days, fever may disappear and reappear when a break after working hard

    * Swollen lymph nodes (without any injury) groin area, armpits (lymphadenitis), which looks red, hot and sore

    * Inflammation of the lymph channels that feels hot and pain that radiates from the base of the foot or base of the arm towards the end (retrograde lymphangitis)

    * Filarial abscess due to frequent suffering from swollen lymph nodes, may rupture and ooze pus and blood

    * Enlargement of the legs, arms, breasts, testicles that look a little flushed and feels hot (early lymphodema)

While the chronic symptoms of the disease elephantiasis is a persistent enlargement (elephantiasis) in the legs, arms, breasts, testicles (elephantiasis skroti).
# Elephant Foot Disease Diagnostic Examination
Elephant foot disease is generally detected through microscopic examination of blood, until today it is still considered difficult because of microfilaria just show up and present themselves in the blood at night time for several hours (nocturnal periodicity).
In addition, various methods, the examination is also performed to diagnose the disease elephantiasis. Among them is the system known as Penjaringan membrane, method of Knott concentration and deposition technique.
Method of examination which is closer towards the diagnosis and recognized by the WHO is the way the examination system "test card", It is very simple and sensitive to detect the spread of parasites (larvae). Namely by taking a finger prick sample of blood droplets at a time when the system at any time, not necessarily at night.
# Handling and Treatment of elephantiasis
The main goal of early treatment of patients with elephantiasis disease is killing parasites or larvae which develop in the patient's body, so the rate of transmission can be suppressed and reduced.
Dietilkarbamasin {diethylcarbamazine (DEC)} is the only drug effective for both filariasis and malayi filariasis bancrofti, is makrofilarisidal and mikrofilarisidal. These drugs are relatively inexpensive, safe and no drug resistance. Patients who received this drug therapy may provide local and systemic adverse reactions are temporary and easily managed with symptomatic medication.
Dietilkarbamasin not be used for khemoprofilaksis. Treatment is given orally after dinner, quickly absorbed, reaching peak concentrations in the blood within 3 hours, and excreted through the urine. Dietilkarbamasin diberikanpada no children younger than 2 years, pregnant / lactating, and patients with severe illness or in a weakened state.
However, in cases of elephantiasis disease severe enough (already enlarged) because it is not detected early, in addition to the provision of drugs would require further measures such as surgery.
# Elephant Foot Disease Prevention
For patients with disease awareness elephants are expected to check their medicine and get medical treatment so as not to disseminate obtan of transmission to other communities. For this reason there is need for education and the introduction of diseases to patients and residents nearby.
Eradication of mosquitoes each region is very important to break the transmission chain of this disease. Keeping the environment clean is important to prevent mosquito development in the region are.

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Heart Failure Disease

 

Heart Failure Disease which in medical terms is called the "Heart Failure or Cardiac Failure", is a medical emergency in which the amount of blood pumped by the heart a person every minute {cardiac output (cardiac output)} is unable to meet the needs of the body's normal metabolism.
The impact of rapid heart failure affects the blood supply shortage, thus causing cell death due to lack of oxygen carried in the blood of the fancy itself. Lack of oxygen supply to the brain (cerebral hypoxia), causing a person to lose consciousness and stop breathing suddenly leading to death.
Congestive heart failure in infants and children is an emergency that is frequently encountered by health workers everywhere. Complaints and symptoms vary widely so it is often difficult to distinguish from other diseases outside the heart.
Conditions on disease heart failure does not mean that the heart stops working (cardiac arrest), but the heart is no longer able to pump blood as well as the daily task for a person's body.
# Classification of Diseases Heart Failure
The heart chamber is divided into four chambers of the Veranda right and left of the foyer are separated by a septum intratrial, then room right and left ventricle are separated by the interventricular septum.
Heart failure can occur on one side of the heart, such as heart failure or left side heart failure the right side only.
# Cause Heart Failure Disease
Heart failure can be caused by primary disorders of the heart muscle itself or the excessive burden of the heart or a combination of both. Broadly speaking, the possible factors leading to heart failure disease are people who have hipertenisi disease, hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol), smoking, diabetes (diabetes), obesity (overweight) and someone who had a family history of heart disease and life course patterns irregular and less air-sports.
# Signs and Symptoms of Heart Failure
Signs and symptoms of heart failure can be distinguished by which part of the heart's impaired pumping of blood, more details as follows:

   1. Left heart failure; cause collection of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema), which causes severe shortness of breath. Shortness of breath initially only felt when the person doing the activity, but in line with the worsening of the disease is shortness of breath may occur when the patient is not doing the activity. While the other is a sign of fatigue (fatigue), anxiety / worry (anxity), rapid heartbeat (tachycardia), cough-cough and irregular heart rhythm degub (Arrhythmia).

   2. While the right of heart failure; tends to result in the collection of blood that flows to the right of heart. So this causes swelling in the legs, ankles, legs, abdomen (ascites) and liver (Hepatomegaly). Other signs are nausea, vomiting, fatigue, rapid heartbeat, and frequent urination (urine) at night (nocturia).

# Diagnosis of Heart Failure Disease
Usually, the diagnosis is established based on signs and symptoms complained of or that looks directly at the examination. To confirm the diagnosis, the doctor will do various checks, for example;

   1. Physical examination, the pulse weak and rapid pulse, decreased blood pressure, abnormal heart sounds, enlarged heart, swollen neck veins, fluid in the lungs, liver enlargement, rapid weight gain, swelling of the abdomen or legs.
   2. X-ray examinations or X-ray (X-ray), in the chest may reveal an enlarged heart and fluid collection in the lungs.
   3. Echocardiography examination (using sound waves to describe the heart) and electrocardiography (to assess the electrical activity of the heart).

# Treatment of Heart Failure
In the management or care of patients with congestive heart disease cases, there are three fundamental things that a reference, among others; Treatment of heart failure itself, treatment of underlying disease and treatment of precipitating factors.Included in the medical treatment is to reduce fluid and salt retention, increased cardiac contractility and reduce burden. While handling generally includes rest, setting the temperature and humidity, oxygen, fluids and diet.
The provision of medicines, such as inotropic drugs (digitalis, intravenous inotropic medications), a vasodilator drug (arteriolar dilator: hidralazin), venodilator (nitrate, nitroglycerin), mixed dilator (prazosin, captopril, nitroprusid), diuretics and drugs dysrhythmias.
Surgery, this is usually done to cope with congenital heart disease (palliative, corrective) and acquired heart disease (valvuloplasti, valve replacement).
# Disease Prevention Heart Failure
For those of you who feel the signs and symptoms as mentioned above, you should immediately memeriksaakan doctor. Reduce the factors that may cause heart failure conditions, stop smoking, reduce the consumption of fatty foods, try exercise, patterns or danger of life regularly.
Of course, for those who suffered or suffer from illnesses that can result in heart failure should lead to attacks regular kontrolkan to a doctor, for example, people with high blood pressure (hypertension), diabetes (Diabetes), the buildup of plaque (cholesterol or other) in heart blood vessels ( Coronary Artery Disease).

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Vitamins and minerals

 Vitamins and minerals

Vitamins and minerals are an important part of healthy foods. When a person consumes a variety of foods, then it is likely to experience lack of vitamins and minerals are very small. People who undergo a strict diet may not get enough of certain vitamins or minerals. for example a very strict vegetarian who may suffer a lack of vitamin b12, which can only be obtained from foods of animal origin. Conversely, consuming large amounts of vitamin and mineral supplement without medical supervision, may cause harmful effects. Vitamin Vitamins are micronutrients that are important and needed by the body in small amounts. fat-soluble vitamins are vitamins a, d, e and k, whereas water-soluble vitamins are vitamin b and vitamin c. vitamin b consists of: - Vitamin b1 (thiamine) - Vitamin b2 (riboflavin) - Vitamin b6 (pyridoxine) - Pantothenic acid - Niacin - Biotin - Folic acid - Vitamin b12 (cobalamin). The recommended daily requirement (the average amount required each day to stay healthy), has been established for each vitamin. Someone who is too much or too little of a particular vitamin can have nutritional disorders. If taken more than 10 times the recommended dose every day, vitamins A and D are toxic, but vitamin E and K (filokuinon) did not. Niacin, vitamin B6 and vitamin C when taken in high doses would be toxic, but is not the case with other vitamins that dissolve in water. Only 2 kinds of fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A and E) stored in the body until a large amount. vitamin D and K are stored in small quantities. Depending on the needs, vitamin C is stored in the least amount. Vitamin B12 is stored in the greatest number and it takes about 7 years to spend 2-3 mgr supply this vitamin. Mineral Minerals are natural compounds formed through geological processes. The term minerals includes not only material but also the structure of the chemical composition of minerals. Minerals included in the composition of pure elements and simple salts to very complex silicates with thousands of known forms (organic compounds are usually not included). The study of minerals is called mineralogy. To be classified as a true mineral, the compound must be a solid and has a crystal structure. These compounds should also be formed naturally and has a certain chemical composition. Previous definition did not include compounds such as minerals derived from derivatives of organic compounds. However, the International Mineralogical Association in 1995 has proposed a new definition of the definition of material: "Minerals are an element or compound in a state that normally has a crystal element and formed from geological processes." In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a typical arrangement of atoms in a crystal. A crystal structure built by the unit cell, a set of atoms arranged in particular, which are periodically repeated in three dimensions in a lattice. Spacing between unit cells in all directions is called its lattice parameters. The symmetry properties of crystal are embodied in its space group. The structure and symmetry of a emmainkan important role in determining its properties, such as the nature of the division, the structure of electrical tape, and optical. Because these substances are needed by the body in relatively large amount and also called several minerals (sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphate and magnesium), are incorporated into class makronutrisimakromineral. Other minerals are micronutrients, as required by the body in small quantities and also called mikromineral. Which belong to the mikromineral are iron, zinc, copper, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, iodine and fluoride. Lack of minerals, except iron and iodine, are rare. Excess some minerals can cause poisoning. 1. Vitamin A (retinol) Vitamin A is one type of fat soluble vitamin that plays an important role in the formation of the visual system is good. There are several compounds that are classified into groups of vitamin A, including retinol, retinyl palmitate, and retinyl acetate. However, the term often refers to vitamin A retinol compounds compared with other compounds because the compound is the most active role in the body. Primary Source: • As a vit. A: Fish liver oil, beef liver, egg yolk, butter, cream • As a carotene (converted to vit. A in the intestines): green leafy vegetables, yellow vegetables & fruits, red palm oil Key Benefits: • Normal Vision Vitamin A plays a role in the formation of many senses of sight for humans. This vitamin will help convert the signal molecule of light received by the retina to become a projection image in our brains. Compounds that play a major role in this regard is retinol. Together with rodopsin, retinol compound will form a complex pigment sensitive to light to transmit light signals to the brain. Therefore, vitamin A deficiency in the body is often fatal in the organs of sight. • Health Skin & Networking Other Surface • Protection Against Infection Vitamin A also may protect the body from infection of a foreign organism, such as bacterial pathogens. Defense mechanism is included in the external immune system, because the immune system comes from outside the body. This vitamin will increase the work activity of white blood cells and antibodies in the body so the body becomes more resistant to the toxin compounds against invading microorganisms and parasites, such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses. • Antioxidants Beta carotene, a form of vitamin A, a compound with antioxidant activity that can counteract free radicals. These free radical compounds derived from oxidation of many in the body or from pollution in the environment enter the body. Antioxidants in the body to prevent damage to genetic material (DNA and RNA) by free radicals so that the rate of mutation can be suppressed. The decline rate of these mutations will lead to a reduced risk of cancer cell formation. The antioxidant activity is also closely related to the prevention of the aging process, especially in the skin cells.
Due to lack: night blindness; thickening of the skin around the hair follicle, drying the whites of the eyes and cornea, which ultimately lead to protrusion, and the outbreak of the corneal ulcer formation along with eye evisceration; blindness; spots in the whites of the eyes; the risk of infection and death Due to excess: headaches, peeling skin, liver and spleen enlargement, thickening of bone & joint pain Adult Daily Requirements: 900 micrograms Vitamin D Primary Source: • as vit.d2 (elgokalsiferol): yeast, milk • as vit.d3 (cholecalciferol): fish liver oils, egg yolks, milk, formed in the skin when exposed to sunlight (ultraviolet light) Key Benefits: • calcium and phosphate absorption from the intestine • mineralization, growth and bone repair Due to lack: distinguished bone growth and repair abnormal, ² rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults, muscle spasms Daily Needs Adults: 10 micrograms Vitamin E Primary Source: vegetable oils, wheat germ, leafy vegetables, egg yolks, margarine, legumes Key Benefits: antioxidants Due to lack: rupture of red blood cells, nerve damage Due to excess: advantages: increased need vit.k Daily Needs Adults: 10 micrograms Vitamin K Primary Source: leafy vegetables, pork, liver, vegetable oil, produced by bacteria in the gut Key Benefits: • the formation of blood clotting factor • abnormal blood clot formation which Due to lack: bleeding Daily Needs adult: 65 micrograms Vitamin B (thiamine) Primary Source: dry yeast, wheat, meat (especially pork and liver), beans, legumes, potatoes Key Benefits: carbohydrate metabolism Due to lack: beriberi in children and adults, accompanied by heart failure and nerve function and abnormal brain distinguished Daily Needs Adult: 1.2 milligrams Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) Primary Source: milk, cheese, liver, meat, eggs, wheat Key Benefits: • carbohydrate metabolism • mucous membrane health Due to lack: Cracked lips & corners of the mouth ² & scaly, dermatitis Daily Needs Adult: 1.5 milligrams Niacin (nicotinic Aasam) Primary Source: dry yeast, liver, meat, fish, legumes, wheat Key Benefits: • chemical reactions in cells • carbohydrate metabolism Due to lack: Pellagra (dermatosis, inflammation of the tongue, intestines and brain function which abnormal) Daily Needs Adults: 16 milligrams Vitamin B6 (Pridoksin) Primary Source: Dry yeast, liver, meat, wheat, fish, legumes Key Benefits: • amino acid metabolism and fatty acid • nervous system function • skin health Due to lack: seizures in infants, anemia, nerve and skin disorders Daily Needs Adults: 2 milligrams Biotin Primary Source: liver, kidney, egg yolk, yeast, cauliflower, beans, legumes Key Benefits: carbohydrate metabolism and fatty acid Due to lack: inflammation of the skin & lips Daily Needs adult: 60 micrograms Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) Primary Source: liver, meat (particularly beef, pork), eggs, milk & dairy products Key Benefits: • red blood cell maturation • nerve function • dna synthesis Due to lack: anemia pernicious anemia & other (on a vegetarian who suffer from fish tapeworm), and keeping psychological disorders, impaired vision Daily Needs adults: 2 micrograms Folic Acid Primary Source: green leafy vegetables which are still fresh, fruit, liver, dried yeast Key Benefits: • red blood cell maturation • dna & RNA synthesis Due to lack: Decreasing the number of all types of blood cells (pancytopenia), red blood cells which are large (especially in pregnant women, infants and people with malabsorption) Daily Needs Adults: 200 micrograms Pantothenic acid Primary Source: liver, yeast, vegetable Key Benefits: carbohydrate & fat metabolism Due to lack: neurological diseases, burning feet Daily Needs adult: 6 milligrams Vitamin C Primary Source: oranges, tomatoes, potatoes, cabbage, green peppers Key Benefits: Antioxidants Due to lack: Scurvy (bleeding, tooth loss, inflamed gums) Daily Needs Adults: 60 milligrams Sodium Primary Source: salt, beef, pork, sardines, cheese, green olives, corn bread, potato chips, pickled cabbage Key Benefits: • acid-base balance • nerve & muscle function Due to lack: confusion, coma Due to Excess: confusion, coma Adult Daily Requirements: 1 gram Chloride Primary Source: same as the main source of sodium Key Benefits: balance elektrolis Due to lack: Acid-base balance disorders Daily Needs Adults: 1.5 grams Potassium Primary Source: skim milk, bananas, dried plums, raisins Key Benefits: • nerve & muscle function • acid-base balance and water balance Due to lack: paralysis, heart problems Due to excess: paralysis, heart problems Daily Needs adults: 2 grams Calcium Primary Source: Milk & dairy products, meat, fish, eggs, wheat, beans, fruits, vegetables Key Benefits: • the formation of bones & teeth • blood clotting • nerve & muscle function • abnormal heart rhythm Due to lack: muscle spasms Due to excess: pressure loss of bowel, kidney failure, abnormal behavior (psychosis) Adult Daily Requirements: 1 gram Phosphate Primary Source: milk, cheese, meat, poultry, fish, wheat, beans, legumes Key Benefits: • the formation of bones & teeth • acid-base balance • acid component nukteat • energy production Due to lack: irritability, weakness, abnormal blood cells, intestine and kidney disorders Due to excess: Excess occurred in patients with renal failure, high blood levels of phosphate Dlm Daily Needs Adults: 0.9 grams Magnesium Primary Source: green leafy vegetables, beans, wheat, seafood Key Benefits: • the formation of bones & teeth • nerve & muscle function • pengaktivan enzyme Due to lack: abnormal nerve function Due to excess: low blood pressure, respiratory failure, heart rhythm disturbances Daily Needs Adults: 0.3 grams Iron Primary Source: soybean meal, beef kidney, liver, beans, shellfish, peaches Key Benefits: • formation of an enzyme, which serves to change the body's various chemical Dlm • forming the main component of red blood cells and muscle cells Due to lack: anemia, difficulty swallowing, spoon-shaped nails, intestinal disorders, reduced performance, impaired learning ability Due to excess: iron deposition, kerusakanhati (cirrhosis), diabetes mellitus (diabetes), skin coloring Daily Needs adult: 12 milligrams Zinc Primary Source: meat, seafood Key Benefits: • component enzyme • the formation of red blood cells • bone formation, / td. Due to lack: yg slow growth, delayed sexual maturity, reduced taste sensation Daily Needs Adults: 15 milligrams Copper Primary Source: meat, oysters, nuts, dried legumes, wheat Key Benefits: • component enzyme • the formation of red blood cells • bone formation Due to lack: anemia in children who suffer from malnutrition ² Due to excess: copper deposition in the brain, liver damage Daily Needs Adults: 2 milligrams Manganese Primary Source: wheat, fruits reclaimed Key Benefits: enzyme components Due to lack: weight loss, skin irritation, nausea and vomiting, hair discoloration, hair growth slow reply Due to excess: nerve damage Daily Needs Adult: 3.5 milligrams Molybdenum Primary Source: dairy products, wheat Key Benefits: pengaktivan enzyme Due to lack: acidosis, rapid heart rate which, breathing fast, blind spots, night blindness, irritability Adult Daily Requirements: 150 micrograms Selenium Primary Source: meat and other animal results, the concentration of which there are land plants Dlm Key Benefits: important for the synthesis of an antioxidant enzyme, Due to lack: deficiency: muscle pain & weakness Due to excess: hair and nail loss, skin inflammation, neurological disorders may occur Daily Needs adult: 60 micrograms Iodine Primary Source: seafood, iodized salt, dairy products, drinking water Key Benefits: formation of thyroid hormones, which regulate functioning of energy control mechanism Due to lack: thyroid gland enlargement (goiter), cretinism, deaf-mute, fetal growth and abnormal brain development which Due to excess: sometimes cause high levels of thyroid hormone Adult Daily Requirements: 150 micrograms Fluoride Primary Source: tea, coffee, water which contains fluoride Key Benefits: bone & tooth formation Due to lack: increased risk of cavitation teeth, bone thinning may occur Due to excess: fluorosis (excessive accumulation of fluorine), spots & perforated teeth, bones outside the spine growth Daily Needs Adult: 2.5 milligrams

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